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Paragraf Soruları 23

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. The Dead Sea is a place of mystery: the lowest surface on earth, the purported sites of Sodom and Gomorrah, a supposed font of curative waters and, despite its name, a treasure trove of unusual microbial life. Yet its future is anything but a mystery. After centuries of stability owing to a delicate equilibrium between freshwater supply from the Jordan River and evaporation under the relentless Middle Eastern sun the sea is now disappearing. Jordanians to the east, Israelis to the west and Syrians and Lebanese to the north are pumping so much freshwater from the river catchment that almost none reaches the sea. Israel and Jordan are also siphoning water from the Dead Sea to extract valuable minerals, hastening the decline. Thousands of sinkholes have formed in the receding seas wake, curtailing tourism and development along the border because no one can predict where the next gaping hole will suddenly open, potentially swallowing buildings, roads or people. Concerned over losing a valuable natural and cultural resource, officials from Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authorities have proposed an enormous conveyor system that would steadily refill the Dead Sea with water from the Red Sea to the south. Scientists are testing how the mixing of the waters might affect the lakes chemistry and biology. It is stated in the passage that ___.

although its name indicates otherwise, the Dead Sea actually hosts many living organisms

the water transferred from the Red Sea will restore the Dead Sea to its original state

despite the fact that Israel and Jordan are pumping water from the sea, the loss of water is minimal

the Jordan River only exists today because of the waters from the Dead Sea

the gaping holes have had little effect on the Dead Seas touristic value

2. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. For some people, living in an affluent area can actually be a health hazard. This is the provocative conclusion of a study of the death records of more than 8,000 people living in four major US cities. The ill effects of being poor or living in economically disadvantaged areas have been demonstrated before, but it is unusual to consider that poor people living in richer areas may be no better off. Marilyn Winkleby, a researcher at Stanford University in California, decided to look into this and was surprised to find that the death rates in four Californian cities were actually highest for poor people living in the richest neighbourhoods. Her study offers two possible explanations: Poorer people living in rich areas may have to pay proportionally more for housing, intensifying the effect of poverty; alternatively, their health may suffer from the stress caused by continually being reminded that they are at the bottom of the pile. Another researcher, Richard Wilkinson, from the University of Nottingham in the UK, also suspects that stress is largely to blame. He reviewed more than 150 studies and concluded that health is generally poorer when differences in income are larger. The study is referred to as provocative as it ___.

is based on the use of confidential death records

has introduced a new perspective regarding the problem of poverty

blames the rich for some of the worst aspects of poverty

has shown that poverty in the US is far worse than people had imagined

puts forward the claim that poor people create health hazards

3. Winklebys study is different from other studies of poverty in that she ___.

studied cities that other studies had failed to include

focussed entirely on the state of California, ignoringother states

compared the death records in both rich and poorneighbourhoods

considered income to be the primary variable

looked at an aspect that had previously beenignored

4. The common feature of Winkleby and Wilkinsons studies is that both ___.

concluded that stress is a major factor

reviewed the death records of poor people

blamed the inequalities in society for poverty

agreed that poverty was more noticeable in poor areas

accepted there were two possible explanations

5. It can be inferred from the passage that ___.

California has some of the poorest people in the US

poor people are generally very unhealthy

suffering from health problems is the mostdetrimental effect of poverty

being constantly made aware of your poverty can beharmful

studies on poverty are a new area of research

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. Deception gains a slight edge over deception detection when the interactions are few in number and are among strangers. If you spend enough time with the people you interact with, they may leak their true intent through their behaviour. However, when interactions are anonymous or infrequent, behavioural cues cannot be read against a background of known behaviour, so more general attributes must be used. Because of the negative consequences of being detected, people are expected to be nervous when lying. In response to concern over appearing nervous, people may exert control, trying to suppress behaviour, with possible side effects detectable by the listener such as a planned, rehearsed impression. Lying is also cognitively demanding. You must suppress the truth and construct a falsehood that is plausible, then tell it in a convincing way and remember the story. Cognitive load appears to play the biggest role. When lies are not well-rehearsed, people have to think too hard, and this causes several effects, including overcontrol that leads to blinking and fidgeting less and using fewer hand gestures, longer pauses and higher-pitched voices. Of course, if self-deception is involved, you are less likely to give off the normal cues of lying that others might perceive. The author is of the opinion that __.

anyone can become a good liar as long as a rehearsal process is involved

lying makes people feel relaxed if they know the lie will not be detected

people show fewer signs of lying if they believe the lies themselves

lies are impossible to detect unless you know a person well

lying is an almost effortless process for many people

7. According to the passage, deception becomes easier than detecting deception when __.

people involved do not know each other well

the person telling lies shows signs of nervousness

the listener is cognitively challenged by the discussion

people in a conversation do not have common attributes

the listener has a general view about the people they are interacting with

8. According to the passage, __.

deceiving people with whom you have problematic relationships requires more effort

the possible negative results of being caught do not bother people

establishing control over behaviours has side effects that cannot be detected by man or machine

lying involves a lot of mental processing leading to observable side effects

deception requires memorizing a very detailed and elaborate lie

9. The authors main purpose is to __.

give practical advice to people who are required to detect deception as part of their occupations

describe the nature, manifestations and mental aspects of deception

present conflicting views on deception, deception detection and self-deception

inform readers about the possible consequences of lying if the lie is not planned in advance

present the challenges of deception as well as the ways to overcome these challenges

10. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. A behavioural pattern is considered to be innate when it is essential for survival and already present at birth, as it is predetermined by the genetic make-up of the organism. A reflex is the simplest form of an innate behaviour. It is a programmed reaction to an outside stimulus that is carried out unconsciously. For example, the eyelids close automatically as soon as a draft of air stimulates the surface of the eye and the pupils of a cat will contract as soon as it looks into bright light. These are reflexes that an organism does not have to learn; they are referred to as unconditioned reflexes. An unconditioned reflex is always an unconscious response, and therefore it is impossible to suppress it at will. Such a reflex always requires a stimulus that triggers a certain behaviour. Many unconditioned reflexes exist in order to protect the organism, for example coughing, nausea, or the draw back reflex of the body part that touches a hot object. Anatomically, a reflex is based on a chain of stimulus and reaction, which is referred to as a reflex arc. A well-known example is the knee jerk or patellar reflex in humans, which is triggered by a light hit to the patellar tendon in the knee. The knee jerk reflex is often used in medicine to test the function of the spinal cord and associated nerves. The real purpose of this reflex is to protect humans from injury when tripping. It is understood from the passage that reflexes __.

can cause damage to an organism if they are not strictly controlled

represent series of behaviours present only in human-like organisms

are passed on through an organisms genetic structure

are learned by an organism as it struggles to survive

are difficult to differentiate from voluntary movements

11. It is clearly stated in the passage that __.

there is no conscious control over unconditioned reflexes

it is useful to suppress certain unconditioned reflexes such as nausea

unconditioned reflexes are learned responses to certain stimuli

the purpose of some unconditioned reflexes is unknown

unconditioned reflexes are activated even when there is no stimulus present

12. We can understand from the passage that unconditioned reflexes are behaviours that__.

can frequently be observed in animals but rarely in humans

display great complexity in both humans and animals

help an organism to protect itself against outside dangers

are limited to organs such as the eye and the legs

can vary substantially among individuals in some circumstances

13. According to the passage, the knee jerk reflex is __.

necessary to protect an organism from a hot object

a very rare reaction to a physical stimulus

useless in terms of helping a person to survive

used to assess certain anatomic functions

a reaction that indicates a severe spinal cord injury

14. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. Relatively few people enjoy the opportunity to travel to other countries. By far the most common form of travel is that by residents of a country within that country. International travel, although given high priority by segments of the populations of industrialized nations, is still a minority activity. As a very rough guide, we estimate that expenditure worldwide on domestic tourism may be worth up to ten times that amount on international tourism. Ironically, there are relatively few countries that collect domestic travel and tourism statistics, while much more information is available on international tourism. Why is this? First of all, international travel involves, by definition, the crossing of a frontier. It is therefore easier to observe and monitor. Domestic tourism involves movement internally and is therefore more difficult to research. Countries that only make use of registration forms at hotels miss out on all aspects of domestic tourism that involve staying in other accommodation establishments or with friends or relatives. A number of countries do not even try to measure domestic tourism due to its very nature. For example, in many developing countries, very little domestic movement involves staying in paid accommodation, and so it does not compete with demand from international visitors. It is directly stated in the passage that__.

according to statistics, people spend much of their income on international tourism

spending on international tourism is about one tenth of the amount spent on domestic tourism

the measurement of domestic tourism demand covers similar areas to that of international demand

domestic and national travel surveys are based on knowledge of the resident population

many countries promote themselves strongly to their own residents as holiday destinations

15. According to the passage, the primary challenge of measuring domestic tourism is that __.

there is competition among countries to attract tourists

most people travelling within their own countries cannot afford to stay in hotels

people do not necessarily stay in hotels when travelling in their own countries

the numbers involved are insignificant to track accurately

expenditure statistics are very difficult to collect from suppliers of tourism services

16. It can be inferred from the passage that __.

international tourism statistics are not always based on reliable data

if there were no border crossings, international tourism statistics would be less comprehensive

surveys given to foreign tourists are a useful way of collecting information on international tourism

domestic tourism in developing countries will continue to increase

developing countries are beginning to place more importance on domestic tourism

17. We can understand from the passage that __.

people from developed countries prefer to travel to developing countries

some developing countries think it is too costly to measure domestic tourism

only developed countries have the necessary resources to measure domestic tourism efficiently

it is not worthwhile to produce statistics on domestic tourism in some countries

international tourism is becoming a high priority for people in developing countries

18. It is clearly stated in the passage that in the last decade of the 20th century, __.

a market economy model was successfully adopted by the emerging states of the former Soviet Union

American and European leaders were disappointed by Russias reluctance to adopt democracy

US and European leaders were expecting a comfortable transition to democracy in Russia

the authoritarian regimes were replaced in the states of the former Soviet Union

the US interest in Russia partly stemmed from Russias strategic geographical location

19. It can be inferred from the passage that __.

a free society and market economy could reverse the socio-economic problems in the former Soviet states

the newly-emerging states of the former Soviet Union were forced to adopt democracy to compete with the US

a democratic Russia with a strategic military capability could pose threats to American interests

the US was not in a position to ignore the political developments taking place in its former adversary

the greatest strategic challenge for the US was to contain the extensive influence of Russia in Central Asia

20. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. During the 1990s, the country that was viewed by American leaders and many others in the West as the most important challenge for a transition to democracy was Russia. The Clinton administration emphasized that one of its high priorities in foreign policy was the success of the movement to democracy and a market economy in the states of the former Soviet Union, in particular Russia. A senior official asserted that helping the Russian people to build a free society and market economy is the greatest strategic challenge of our time, and that Russia was the single most important foreign policy priority of the Clinton administration. Russia was by far the largest of the former republics of the Soviet Union in both population and land area. In addition, its geographical location gave it influence on issues in several regions in which the US was interested, and it had greater strategic military capability than any other country except the US. On a deeper level, Russia represented what remained of the former geopolitical and ideological rival of the US. If the state that had been the core of the superpower which was considered to be the main adversary of the US and of democracy could, within a relatively short time, be changed into an ideological soul mate of the US, the symbolic implications would be profound. According to the passage, the Clinton administration __.

considered Russias transition to democracy and a market economy very important

was convinced that Russias attempts at democratization and developing a market economy would ultimately fail

thought that the institutionalization of democracy would be welcomed by the Russians

realized that Russias distinctive historical background and geographical boundaries limited the success of future democracy

warned the Russian leaders against moving away from the traditional market economy

21. It is implied in the passage that __.

a free society and market economy developed in Russia without much intervention

Russia wanted to achieve democratization without the guidance of the West

Russias transition to democracy would please the US

the Clinton administration negatively influenced Russias democratization process

Russia is no longer considered an important force in geographical terms

22. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya gore cevaplayınız. Species diversity provides the foundation for individual ecosystems and thus is the prerequisite for the functioning of the biosphere. It is an immeasurable source of food and medicinal products, and an irreplaceable resource as a gene pool. Due to the increasing destruction and pollution of natural habitats, over-fishing and hunting, humans are destroying the biological multitude of life, and with that, the basis of their own well-being. The public is concerned when a well-known species like the tiger, whale, or mountain gorilla becomes endangered; however, the majority of other cases are hardly ever noticed by the public. Apart from the decline of species diversity within habitats, loss of genetic diversity within individual species has also been observed. The destruction of individual populations leads to a reduction in genetic regeneration capacity within a species. For instance, selective deforestation reduces the quality of the genetic material of affected tree species, since only strong, healthy trees are logged and the weaker ones are left behind. Humankinds intentional or unintentional introduction of exotic animal and plant species to new habitats plays an important role as well. These so-called neozic species can become a threat to local species and lead to their complete extinction. For instance, the flightless Kiwi bird in New Zealand is threatened with extinction by introduced rats and feral cats. It can be inferred from the passage that the destruction of species __.

is a process that can lead to disaster for mankinds future prospects

can help man search for better living conditions

is a part of the natural cycle of life and death on Earth

is a necessity in terms of the well-being of the planet and mankind

has been exaggerated and a more balanced view needs to be taken

23. It is stated in the passage that __.

biological diversity is a luxury when people are in need of food and medical products

hunting and fishing, unlike other environmentally harmful activities, are necessary for human survival

most cases of biological destruction remain unknown to the public

the public should be more concerned about the possible loss of species like the tiger

biological diversity is more important for some individual ecosystems than others

24. One can understand from the passage that biological destruction __.

affects those who make the wilderness a basis for their livelihoods

comes about mostly from natural catastrophes rather than human activity

is most common in temperate areas such as New Zealand, which includes many species

helps local species to reproduce and multiply

impacts the capacity of a species to produce genetically healthy offspring

25. As it is clearly stated in the passage, the Kiwi bird __.

was introduced into New Zealand along with animals such as rats and feral cats

has become a symbol for conservation throughout New Zealand

has never been able to adapt to the harsh environment of New Zealand

is under threat because of other animals that were introduced into its habitat

is a prime example of what is called a neozic species