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Paragraf Soruları 21

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. When air pollution, including acid rain, is combined with other environmental stresses, such as low winter temperatures, prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms, such as yellowing of needles in conifers. Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress may be enough to cause death. It is suggested in the passage that air pollutants ___.

become very destructive for all kinds of trees when they turn into acid rain

have been the primary cause of the deterioration of various tree species

can cause forest decline when they act together with other environmental stresses

show their adverse effect on trees most clearly when there are prolonged droughts

are particularly effective on sugar maples and conifers but not other species

2. According to the passage, when the trees in a forest fail to grow properly, ___.

this is directly related to low winter temperatures

this is mostly the result of a fungal disease

its immediate effect can be detected right away

this can be a symptom of forest decline

it is inevitable that bacterial diseases will emerge soon

3. It is implied in the passage that the death of the red spruce in the northeastern United States .

is a clear indication of how forest decline can turn into a major disaster

has been caused primarily by bacterial and viral diseases in the region

was also noticed in the mid-1970s when the trees showed a great deal of reduced vigour

was preceded first by reduced growth and then a long period of deterioration

has resulted from the joint effects of air pollution and environmental factors

4. It is emphasized in the passage that air pollution ___.

weakens the resistance of plants against environmental stresses

in the northeastern United States has declined substantially over the years

causes the spread of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in the world

plays a major role in the fall of winter temperatures

prevents the detection of symptoms related to forest decline

5. As it is clear from the passage, one of the symptoms that indicates forest decline is ___.

the growing number of insects

the reduced vigour of trees

lower winter temperatures

prolonged droughts

the increase of acid rain

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges, although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan, which is also extremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch, who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years, have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones. Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when the climate warms. Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already get much worse. It is pointed out in the passage that a large number of countries with a temperate climate ___.

have already applied to the Dutch government to help them protect their coastal areas against a rise in sea level owing to global warming

have urgently developed some costly strategies in order to protect themselves from the extreme effects of global warming

are developing new agricultural zones for semitropical crops, since they are economically more profitable than traditional crops

are experimenting with semitropical crops for the replacement of their traditional crops in case the climate gets warmer

are exposed to the dangers of storm surges and have therefore taken radical measures to rescue their people in coastal areas

7. One understands from the passage that the development of tree species that can resist droughts ___.

is being carefully studied by government planners and scientists as an alternative solution

is a precaution that major lumber firms are taking against global warming

has been so costly that governments of temperate countries have given it up

is indispensable because, due to global warming, most forests will disappear in a few decades

is important for countries where agricultural zones have been badly affected by global warming

8. As implied in the passage, the Dutch ___.

have a long history of experience in the construction of dikes

are very concerned about some coastal areas threatened by a rise in sea level

have been reluctant to cooperate technically with some developing countries

learned how to build dikes about a hundred years ago to protect their coastal areas

think that it is extremely expensive for developing countries to build dikes

9. It is stated in the passage that, for our adaptation to global warming, ___.

an alternative strategy is that all the coastal areas in the world have to be evacuated so that the inhabitants can be safe from the dangers of storm surges

many scientists and planners are involved in a series of activities that are primarily suitable for temperate countries

not only the Dutch but also governments of many countries have devoted a great deal of hard work to the development of urgent strategies

new agricultural zones suitable for the growth of semitropical crops and also the development of drought-resistant trees are the only suitable strategies

state planners and social scientists of different nationalities are working to develop various strategies

10. It is suggested in the passage that, in several decades, ___.

government planners and social scientists will see their planning efforts rewarded

most developing countries can experience a severe decline in their agricultural production

most coastal areas may be flooded unless they are protected by dikes

the effects of global warming may be much more adverse

lumber companies may go out of business due to the heavy costs incurred by the planting of trees

11. It is pointed out in the passage that the primary aim in the contruction of the Stockton-Darlington railway was to ___.

give George Stephenson an opportunity to demonstrate his engineering skills

enable people to travel more comfortably and cheaply

transport more goods overland so that the costs could be much lower

make the transportation of coal more efficient for the industry

get rid of the use of horses in the transportation of heavy materials

12. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In England, transportation had improved a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal, remained a problem. It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal, ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramways, or tracks along which horses pulled coal carts. The Stockton-to-Darlington railway was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization. The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson, a self-educated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen. The locomotives on the Stockton-Darlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the fastest rate at which machines had yet moved goods overland. Soon they would move people as well, transforming transportation in the process. It is emphasized in the passage that George Stephenson, who designed the First steam railway, ___.

developed new techniques in order to increase the speed of locomotives

was one of the partners who owned the Durham coal field of Stockton

had been previously involved in the solution of various other problems concerning transportation

had already distinguished himself by his achievements as an engineer

had not received formal education to become an engineer

13. According to the passage, much improvement ___.

was needed for an efficient use of tramways in the transportation of all sorts of goods

had been achieved in transportation by 1830 in England

was not expected in the transportation of coal when the first railway was built in 1825

was needed in the construction of railways for the development of England

had been made before Stephenson in the design of locomotives

14. Attention is drawn in the passage to the fact that, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, ___.

England made great advances in the design and manufacture of machines

the production of coal in England was technically much improved

Darlington developed into a major port for Englands export of coal

England was in a continuous process of industrial growth

engineering was not yet a profession that was popular in England

15. It is clear from the passage that the steam railway ___.

had been in use in England before Stephenson introduced new techniques

remained a local facility and played no role in the industrialization of England

was a solution to meet the transportation needs of Englands industry

was invented in the first place for travel between Stockton and Darlington

had little impact on the transformation of transportation in nineteenth-century England

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. An Australian historian proposed that the key to understanding Australia was "the tyranny of distance". Australians were far removed from their British ancestors, far from the centres of power in Europe and North America and far from each other - with the major cities separated by distances of some 800 km. Time, however, has broken down that sense of distance. Australians today do not see London or New York as the centre of the world. The proximity to Asian economies like China is an economic strength. Transportation and communications links have taken away the sense of remoteness felt by past generations. However, the technology that truly promises to end the tyranny of distance is high-speed broadband, whose benefits we are stili only beginning to understand though it has already been a decade since the frenzied dotcom era. That is why the Australian government is rolling out the worlds most ambitious broadband project - a national network that will bring fibre to homes in more than 1,000 cities and towns covering 93% of residences. Next generation wireless and satellite technologies will cover the other 7%. The network will operate at lightning speeds and involve an estimated investment of $40 billion through an independent state-owned enterprise in partnership with the private sector. As indicateci in the passage, the Australian governments decision to install the worlds most ambitious broadband project .

has been unprecedented in Australias history of extensive road transportation

reflects the mood among the worlds countri es that broadband w ili produce new benefits

is likely to bring Australia closerto Europe and North America through enhanced economic ties

promises to start a dotcom era that will transform the benefits of the broadband technology

is based on the idea that this technology will truly bring an end to "the tyranny of distance

17. It is clear in the passage that the proposed national broadband network .

will operate at slightly less than lightning speeds and cost a couple of billion dollars

is expected to cover 7% of the cities and towns across the vast landmass

will be considered complete when 93% of homes and businesses are connected

requires about $40 billion worth of investment to be shared between the public and private sectors

is to be replaced bythe next-generation wireless and satellite technologies

18. As indicated in the passage, to be able to understand Australia .

one needs to know how difficult it is to live removed from ones ancestors

an Australian historian proposed a key pian years ago

Australians have had to live in cities that are separated by great distances

the centres of power in Europe and North America have had to benefit

the challenges brought about by great distances in Australia have to be appreciated

19. According to the passage, the sense of remoteness in the Australian context

has incidentally brought Australia and China closer through the established economic ties, which were once unthinkable

affected the past generations so much so that Australians began to think of China as the centre of their world

has remained the same despite the passage of time and the great advances which took place in communications

has changed considerably owing to the ease of transportation and the development of communication links

is still being felt by new generations, as was the case with the past generations, who originally came from Europe

20. According to the passage, shortly after the Euro was accepted as the currency in Europe .

Germanys economic fortunes appeared to be among the worst in Europe

the fast-growing countries of Europe agreed to provide financial aid to Germany

countries at the geographical borders were sceptical of the benefits of the Euro

Germanys prospects for growth were much better than the fast-growing countries

Germany was officiaily declared in the European Council as the sick man of Europe

21. It can be inferred from the passage that .

average gross domestic product growth in the richer countries will be greater than in Germany

the policies of the European Central Bank have been in fluential in creating new jobs in Europe

the slow-down in the European economies will soon end with the recovery in Germany

Germany has been performing much better than anticip ated and has good prospects

increasing Euro zone membership might make it more difficult to manage financial challenges

22. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Not long afterthe Euro carne into being in J anuary 1999, Germany was mocked as being the sick man of Europe, its economie fortunes in sharp contrastto the fast-growing countries atthe geographical borders ofthe new currency zone. More than a decade on, however, thetables have turned. Even as the peripheral economies of Spain, Greece and Ireland continue to struggle, 2012 will be the year in which Germany puts a firm stamp on the Euro zone. This will be felt in three related spheres: in Germanys new-found economic strength, in its preference for, and insistence on greater honesty in public finances and in its growing influence on the European Central Bank. Europes economy is setto slow in 2012 as governments address their increasing budget deficits. Germany will enjoy faster gross domestic product growth than the average in the richer parts of the currency zone (whose membership keeps on increasing). Germany is less burdened by household debt and has a smaller budget deficit than almost all its peers - and so has less need to raise taxes or curb public spending. The country is also better placed to benefit from the boom in emerging markets. As indicateci in the passage, Germanys influence .

will be as equally effective as that of Spain, Greece and Ireland

will be felt strongly across the countries in the Euro zone

will be mocked by the peripheral economies of Europe

on the European Central Bank will be challenged by Ireland, Spain and Greece

is set to be limited to the principle of honesty in public financing

23. As indicated in the passage, .

Germanys level of public spending is sustainable due to exports to emerging markets

an increase in Euro zone membership is likely to improve the German economy

Germanys current tax system is sufficient and the government has money to spend

emerging markets will eventually assist Germany to curb public spending

its smaller budget deficit is enough to make Germany a good trading partner

24. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In 1993, Frances Rauscher and her team published a scientific paper that changed the world. She had taken a number of students and randomly divided them into three groups. One group listened to Mozarts Sonafa for Two Pianos in D Major, the second group heard a standard relaxation tape, and the third sat in silence. Everyone then completed a standard test of spatial intelligence. Those who had listened to Mozart scored far higher than those in the other two groups. Journalists reported the findings, with some exaggerating the results, declaring just a few minutes of Mozart led to a substantial, long-term increase in intelligence. The idea spread, some reporting that even babies became brighter after listening to Mozart. But when other scientists tried to replicate Rauschers results, they concluded that the effect, if it existed, was much smaller than was first thought. For instance, Glenn Schellenberg had children learn keyboard skills, have voice training, take drama classes or, as a control, do nothing. Clear IQ improvements were observed in children who were taught keyboard skills or given voice lessons, whereas those given drama lessons were no different from the control group. It seems that the focused attention and memorization required in certain tasks, not just listening to Mozart, helps childrens self-discipline and thinking. In the passage, in view of the results of Glenn Schellenbergs experiment, if children get taught keyboard skills and voice skills .

they are likely to perform better in their drama lessons at school

they may experience an improvement in their intelligence

their self-discipline and thinking will suffer greatly

their need for musical training and practice will be met

they will require more focused attention and memorization

25. As explained in the passage, listening to Mozart .

was a favourite activity of journalists in order to overcome their work stress

and sitting in silence equally contributed to a substantial increase in intelligence

was as effective as the relaxation tape in the test of spatial intelligence

made babies so brightthat mothers began to play Mozart music to their children

appeared to improve intelligence but this finding was not supported by other research