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Paragraf Soruları 20

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate. Since the 1970s, the area of tropical forests destroyed worldwide exceeds the land mass of the European Union. Animal and plant species are disappearing. Overfishing has depleted stocks around the world. Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely vulnerable to storms and natural disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europes forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous impact on biodiversity. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that a very small percentage of the forests in Europe _____.

seem to have been over-exploited and, therefore, ecologically damaged

have been reserved for animal and plant species

have been used for urbanization and exploited

can be considered to be ecologically suitable for biodiversity

have remained untouched by human exploitation

2. According to the passage, compared with other continents, Europe _____.

is far more advanced in the improvement of its farming practices

owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests with a wide range of animal species

is the only continent to have had its ecosystems most extensively damaged

has suffered so much loss in its biodiversity that its variety of plant species has declined a great deal

has been able to sustain the diversity of its animal species despite the spread of urbanization

3. As clearly stressed in the passage, the biodiversity in the world _____.

has been completely immune from any kind of human-induced damage

can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands

can be preserved intact only if poor farming practices can be prevented globally

is declining so fast that its effects can be observed in various ways

can best be observed in tropical forests, which also contain large areas of wetlands

4. It is claimed in the passage that the depletion of global fish stocks _____.

has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands on all the continents

has an adverse impact on the worlds biodiversity

has caused much damage to Europes ecosystems in particular

is far more alarming in the tropical regions than in any other part of the world

cannot be prevented unless overfishing is forbidden worldwide

5. It is clear that the passage _____.

is primarily concerned with the over-exploitation of resources in the world and its damaging effects on global biodiversity

is a detailed discussion of the range of measures that need to be taken in order to sustain the current state of global biodiversity

describes in detail how, due to the spread of urbanization, the area of the forests in Europe has been reduced enormously

is a full account of the major causes of soil depletion and puts forward a number of suggestions for prevention

essentially focuses on the causes as well as the consequences of the loss of biodiversity in the world in general and in Europe in particular

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The father of modern socialism, Karl Marx (1818- 1883) was barely known in the early nineteenth century. His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive. As a child, he grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era. His family was Jewish, but his father had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx studied law briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegels concepts for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him to get a post in the university. He became a journalist and, from 1842 to 1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette). The papers criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London. As clearly pointed out in the passage, while Marx was studying in Berlin, _____.

it was not in law, but in philosophy, that his interests lay

he discovered that Germanys university system was largely inspired by Hegels ideas

the Young Hegelians began to demand radical reforms in the German university system

he turned to journalism and constantly criticized the governments repression of radicalism

he noticed that there was a great deal of antisemitism among the Young Hegelians

7. One understands from the passage that, because Marxs paper opposed the policies of the Prussian government, _____.

he was completely deprived of his legal rights

it faced much political repression before it was finally closed down

he was denied the right to apply for a post at the University of Berlin

he was punished by exile out of Germany

it was no longer allowed to publish political debates

8. According to the passage, Marxs novel idea of history _____.

was wholly based on his experiences of life and politics in Trier where he grew up

ruled out the former socialist view that it was possible to reorganize industrial society peacefully

was most effectively spread through the newspaper that he edited in 1842 and 1843

was strongly opposed by the Young Hegelians who hated radicalism and revolutions

did not have much impact on the rise and development of modern socialism

9. It is implied in the passage that, in his radicalism, Marx was _____.

so much ahead of his contemporaries that he was often misunderstood by them

primarily inspired by the debates and revolutionary movements of earlier socialists

never influenced by the revolutions and violent confrontations of 1848

so inspired by the rebellions of the Young Hegelians that he actively took part in them

originally influenced by his family that took much interest in radical politics

10. It is clear from the passage that, since Marxs father was Jewish, _____.

he was allowed to work as a lawyer only in Trier, but not in any other region of Germany

he was constantly harassed and intimidated by the Prussian government

it was impossible for him to practise law in Germany unless he became a Protestant

there was much discrimination against him at the University of Berlin, where he studied law

he and his family preferred to live in Trier, where there was no political repression at all

11. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources. According to the passage, warnings were first given almost a century ago that _____.

there would be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative energy resources became available

there could be serious disruptions of global oil supply in the future owing to political manipulations and conflicts

the consequences of soaring prices for oil would be extremely unbearable unless new economic measures were put into effect

oil would cease to be a vital source of energy in the near future because of the growing rate of pollution

oil consumption would continue to increase enormously and that the resources for oil were not infinite

12. As suggested in the passage, oil _____.

was so manipulated politically a century ago that its production was often disrupted

has unfortunately lost its economic value due to the fact that the oil age has come to an end

has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century

has always been a major source of affordable energy and had a positive impact on our lives

is produced currently in enormous amounts in order to meet the soaring global demand for cleaner energy

13. In the passage, _____.

the writer makes a strong defence of the oil industry and does not consider it to be responsible for any wrongdoing

the main emphasis has been put on the indispensable uses of oil for mans comfort and prosperity

there is much concern expressed about the consequences of current oil consumption in the world

some hope is expressed about the improvement and increasing efficiency of global energy resources

much attention has been given to the importance of experts work in diagnosing the cause of increasing oil prices

14. As can be understood from the passage, the writer does not believe that, _____.

in view of limited energy resources, the amount of oil consumed yearly will have to be restricted

despite volatile oil prices, there will be a noticeable increase in current oil production

contrary to ongoing discussions today, the age of oil has drawn to a close

similar to other industries, the oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world

like other sources of energy, oil can be regarded as a major cause of environmental pollution

15. It is stressed in the passage that the production of oil _____.

is no longer important since much cleaner energy resources are available today

must be absolutely free from any kind of political manipulation

has changed very little in amount and price over a century

has been adversely affected by currently volatile prices

will certainly be carried out in a cleaner and more efficient manner in the future

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy. It was made a separate, experimental science by Archimedes of Syracuse, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C.. He not only discovered the law of floating objects, or specific gravity, but also formulated with scientific exactness the principles of the lever, the pulley, and the screw. Among his memorable inventions were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships. Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research. Tradition relates that he discovered "Archimedes principle," that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath; when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying "Eureka!" ("I have found it!"). As one understands from the passage, Archimedes was so thrilled by his unexpected discovery of specific gravity that ___.

he immediately announced it to the public in an unusual fashion

he described every detail of it to the people with scientific exactness

the people in the street joined him in the celebration of his discovery

most of his contemporaries regarded it as a perfect example of pure scientific research

his theory of specific gravity was soon applied in shipbuilding

17. According to the passage, until Archimedes, ___.

there had been some scientific research on the law of floating objects

physics had not been considered to be a science separate from philosophy

the use in ships of the screw propeller had already been known

various theories had been proposed about floating objects

the study of philosophy had been confined only to physics

18. As it is clear from the passage, Archimedes ___.

was so seriously concerned with technical issues that he often neglected his scientific research

can be described as a man who openly opposed the study of philosophy

was more interested in the theoretical aspect of science than in its practical uses

was particularly indifferent to questions of navigation and shipbuilding

taught the people of Syracuse how to use the compound pulley most efficiently

19. It is pointed out in the passage that Archimedes inventions ___.

were not related to the theories that he had already formulated

have qualified him to be regarded as "the greatest genius of antiquity"

were put into use when, following several scientific tests, they proved to be very efficient

were all based on his theory of specific gravity, which he had been pondering for a long time

were described in detail in his writings

20. As clearly pointed out in the passage, like the principles of the pulley and the screw, the principle of the lever ___.

has been traditionally attributed to Archimedes, but it had been known to other physicists in antiquity

can also be considered to be one of Archimedes least scientific formulations

aroused so much interest in the public that he was rightly proud of his scientific discovery

was also defined by Archimedes in absolutely scientific terms

was formulated by Archimedes only after he carried out a series of complicated experiments

21. It is pointed out in the passage that the ancestors of the Romans ___.

believed that the Alps would provide perfect defence against invasions from the North

came from the North and settled in Italy around the tenth century B.C.

first looked for a strategic location where they could safely settle

were a sea-going people who were particularly interested in overseas trade

were the peoples who spoke various dialects of the same language

22. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millenium B.C. and spoke a variety of Indo-European dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which the Romans themselves considered their citys foundation year. Romes strategic location along the Tiber River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome, but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea. Romes famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words, as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, making it a major land and river crossroads. According to the passage, Rome was founded at a site along the Tiber, which .

was vulnerable to attacks from the hills around

provided a perfect crossing across the river

had been a major trading centre even before the tenth century B.C.

enabled merchant ships to sail far into the country

was most exposed to the dangers from the sea

23. It is stated in the passage that archaeological evidence obtained so far ___.

indicates the tenth century B.C. as the date of the foundation of Rome

clearly proves how and when various Indo-European peoples crossed the Alps into Italy

shows why the earlier Romans decided to found their city at a site up the Tiber River

proves conclusively how Rome came to be a major port for trading ships

answers the question of why the original natives of Italy collaborated with the Indo-European invaders

24. It is indicated in the passage that the Romans ___.

built strong defences on the hills surrounding Rome

attributed the foundation of their city to one specific year

maintained their Indo-European identity for centuries

were not a strategically-minded people and never took security into account

benefited from the Tiber only in terms of its economic advantages.

25. One understands from the passage that the Tiber in antiquity ___.

had been used as a waterway for trade even before Rome was founded on it

was the only river in Italy, on which trading ships of any size could sail safely

played an important role in the defence of Rome whenever the city was attacked from the sea

provided a number of crossings whereby the Romans were able to transport their forces across it

was partially navigable and provided Rome with an economic advantage