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Paragraf Soruları 19

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Until the late thirteenth century, European maritime commerce had been divided between a Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world. Starting around 1270, however, Italian merchants began to sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and on to the woolproducing regions of England and the Netherlands. This was the essential first step in the extension of Mediterranean commerce and colonization into the Atlantic Ocean. The second step was the discovery by Genoese sailors, during the fourteenth century, of the Atlantic island chains known as the Canaries and the Azores. Efforts to colonize the Canary Islands and to convert and enslave their inhabitants began almost immediately. But an effective conquest of the Canary Islands did not begin until the fifteenth century, when it was undertaken by Portugal and completed by Spain. The Canaries, in turn, became the base from which further Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa proceeded. They were also the jumping-off point from which Christopher Columbus would sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean in hopes of reaching Asia. It is clear from the passage that the European discovery and conquest of the Canary Islands in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries _____.

actually had no commercial and maritime significance, but became the major cause of rivalry between Portugal and Spain

strategically paved the way for further explorations along coastal West Africa and across the Atlantic Ocean

could have been prevented if the natives had been politically united to resist conversion and colonization

caused so much excitement across Europe that especially Italian merchants were keen to use the islands as their commercial base

had an adverse impact on the Netherlands maritime trade with England and other countries in northern Europe

2. As suggested in the passage, in medieval Europe before 1270, _____.

Spanish and Portuguese sailors had attempted to explore the west coast of Africa and enslave the natives

only Italian merchants had had the monopoly to import wool from England and the Netherlands

some daring attempts had been made to conquer and colonize the Canaries and the Azores

there had been two major zones for maritime trade: the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic

there had been continual efforts especially by the Portuguese to convert West African natives to Christianity

3. It is asserted in the passage that, in the late thirteenth century, _____.

Italian merchants were first able to carry their Mediterranean trade into England and the Netherlands

the Strait of Gibraltar gained so much strategic importance that it became a territorial issue between Spain and Portugal

the Europeans soon realized that there was a great deal of profit to be made by slave trade across the Atlantic

both England and the Netherlands emerged as the only major colonizing powers in the North Atlantic

the Italians absolutely dominated the trade in the Mediterranean and strongly opposed other nations attempts to benefit from it

4. As stated in the passage, the Canary Islands _____.

were more densely populated than the Azores, which played no part in transatlantic trade

had already been Christianized before they were discovered and colonized

were not so important as the Azores in the increase of trade along the West African coast

did not interest Christopher Columbus at all in his voyages across the Atlantic

were subjected to colonization soon after they were discovered by the Genoese

5. As can be inferred from the passage, Christopher Columbus _____.

hoped that his westward voyage across the Atlantic would ultimately take him to Asia

learned much from Genoese sailors about the locations of the Canaries and the Azores

had taken part earlier in Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa

paid little attention to the strategic and economic importance of the Canary Islands

always dreamed of completely controlling all the maritime commerce with Asia

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Like nearly all the peoples of the ancient world, the Romans took slavery for granted. Nothing in Romes earlier experience had prepared it, however, for the huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its western and eastern conquests. In 146 B.C., fifty-five thousand Carthaginians were enslaved after the destruction of their city; not long before, one hundred and fifty thousand Greek prisoners of war had met the same fate. By the end of the second century B.C., there were a million slaves in Italy alone, making Roman Italy one of the most slave-based economies known to history. The majority of these slaves worked as agricultural labourers on the vast estates of the Roman aristocracy. Some of these estates were the result of earlier Roman conquests within Italy itself. But others were constructed by aristocrats buying up the land holdings of thousands of small farmers who found themselves unable to compete with the great estate-owners in producing grain for the market. It is pointed out in the passage that, in ancient Rome, _____.

aristocrats always had the right to determine grain prices for the market

most aristocrats preferred small farmers to slaves as labourers on their farms

the production of grain was solely the responsibility of large numbers of small farmers

it was aristocrats that owned huge amounts of farming lands

aristocrats were so hostile to small farmers that they drove them off their lands

7. It is suggested in the passage that, in their view of slavery, the Romans _____.

attached a great deal of importance to the military value of slaves

had largely been inspired by the Greeks and some eastern peoples

were not so sophisticated as the other peoples of the ancient world

began to follow a different policy only after they had enslaved the Carthaginians

did not differ much from other ancient peoples

8. It is implied in the passage that the early Romans _____.

had no notion of slavery and knew nothing about it

were not interested in farming and, therefore, imported their grain

were so opposed to aristocrats that they protected small farmers against them

had one political goal: to conquer all the other peoples east and west

had always been on friendly terms with all the peoples of the ancient world

9. It is clear from the passage that, when the Romans began to extend their conquests, _____.

they were seriously resisted by the Greeks, who had no fear of them

their immediate aim was to conquer and enslave the Carthaginians

it led to an enormous increase in the number of slaves

they depended heavily on slaves for their military campaigns

it greatly pleased the Roman aristocracy, since they were able to own new estates

10. As emphasized in the passage, slaves in ancient Rome _____.

were totally of Greek and Carthaginian origin

made up the backbone of the Roman economy

formed what the author calls small farmers

were so great in number that aristocrats were uneasy about them

knew farming so well that they produced grain in huge amounts

11. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The finest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in İstanbul, constructed by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century. Evidently, its structural design was something altogether new in the history of architecture. The central feature of the design was the application of the dome principle to a building of square shape. The church was designed in the form of a cross, with a magnificent dome over its central square. The main problem for the architects was how to fit the circumference of the dome to the square area it was supposed to cover. The solution was to have four great arches spring from pillars at the four corners of the square. The rim of the dome was then made to rest on the keystones of the arches, with the curved triangular spaces between the arches filled with masonry. The result was an architectural framework of marvellous strength, which at the same time made possible a style of imposing grandeur and delicacy. The dome itself has a diametre of 107 feet and rises to a height of nearly 180 feet from the floor. So many windows are placed around its rim that the dome appears to have no support at all but to be suspended in midair. As emphasized in the passage, the design of the church of Saint Sophia in İstanbul ensured that _____.

it would serve as a model for the design of new churches in the future

Emperor Justinian was greatly pleased by its structure and grandeur

the rim of the dome had to have many windows to let sunlight in

the weight of the dome had to be reduced by four great pillars

architecturally its structure was unique and entirely unprecedented

12. According to the passage, the harmony of the dome and the square base on which the dome rested _____.

had been a common feature of Byzantine architecture before Saint Sophia

was made possible by the use of four great arches

was never regarded as a crucial issue in the construction of Saint Sophia

was not adequately taken into consideration during the design of Saint Sophia

has always been a major problem throughout the history of architecture

13. It is claimed in the passage that Byzantine architecture _____.

was still in its early stage during the reign of Emperor Justinian

began to improve and further develop after the construction of Saint Sophia

was greatly influenced by the architecture that preceded the sixth century

is best represented and exemplified by the church of Saint Sophia

always made use of masonry in the construction of buildings with grandeur

14. As suggested in the passage, the perfect combination of the dome and the arches in Saint Sophia _____.

seemed to the architects to be precarious since the dome, with a diametre of 107 feet, was of an immense size and weight

was somewhat spoiled by the curved triangular spaces that could be seen between the arches

gave it not only amazing strength but also impressive magnificence and gracefulness

enabled the architects to design and construct the whole structure in the form of a cross

gave the architects themselves the impression that the dome was suspended in midair, with no support whatsoever

15. It is clear that the passage _____.

is a concise description of Saint Sophias architectural features and overall excellence

mainly focuses on the distinctive aspects of Byzantine architecture in the sixth century

gives a detailed account of Emperor Justinians support for the construction of Saint Sophia

discusses how Byzantine architects came to use the dome as a major structural element

explains the reasons why Saint Sophia was designed in the form of a cross

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and values of that culture. These myths are of particular interest and value to us. Not only are they exciting adventure stories, but in these myths we see ourselves, drawn larger and grander than we are, yet with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths. As for heroes, they are the models of human behaviour for their society. They earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire others to emulate them. Heroes are forced by circumstance to make critical choices where they must balance one set of values against competing values. They achieve heroic stature in part from their accomplishments and in part because they emerge from their trials as more sensitive and thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the same throughout the world. They come from cultures where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways. This permits them to express their individuality. However, in spite of their extraordinary abilities, no hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are often as instructive as their heroic qualities. Their imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with them and to like them, since everyone has similar psychological needs and conflicts. It is suggested in the passage that the trials that heroes undergo _____.

are usually the outcome of conflicting values in society and can therefore be most painful

make up the contents of those myths and epics which have survived to our time

can be described in a variety of ways, although they are mainly related to their needs

have a positive impact on their character whereby they attain a high moral status

enable a society to become aware of its weaknesses and find ways to get rid of them

17. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths and epics _____.

can be understood from various angles since they are the products of different cultures

represent different attitudes that heroes adopt during the course of their adventures

illustrate various sets of values that are always contrary to each other

essentially show why heroes moral imperfections become the cause of their downfall

are morally useful because one learns from them how to conduct oneself properly

18. One understands from the passage that myths _____.

are not as instructive as epics, which in fact describe heroes that, from a moral point of view, are absolutely perfect

appeal to very few people because they are mere fictions that contain nothing but only adventures

are a kind of mirror through which are reflected not only our virtues but also our shortcomings

are so concerned with human weaknesses that even ordinary people do not identify themselves with mythical heroes

represent only universal values and attitudes, as they do not belong to a specific society or culture

19. It is pointed out in the passage that a heros fame _____.

derives from his achievements that are for the good of his people

does not last long, since he is easily overcome by his weaknesses

is recognized throughout the world because of his extraordinary abilities

encourages ordinary people to identify themselves with him

depends on his ability to accomplish the impossible

20. As asserted in the passage, we can learn _____.

from myths why and how heroes perform great deeds

both from heroes imperfections and from their heroic qualities

from heroes adventures that there are various ways to understand our weaknesses

the history of a community through a close study of its heroic past

from epics whether every hero earns lasting fame in the same way

21. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what archaeologists have been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site of Homers Ilium in Turkey. The material available to archaeologists is very limited, due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have survived include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons. In addition, archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a language called Linear B, which they can read. It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who loved fighting, hunting, and athletic contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry. Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy _____.

is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists

can be fully understood from archaeological excavations

depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder

was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons

has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists

22. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization _____.

has caused a great deal of controversy among archaeologists

was defined only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered

was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone

made up only a very small portion of Greece

was not limited to Greece only

23. It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization _____.

was culturally and economically very complicated and, therefore, little known

reached its climax when the Linear B language was introduced into Greece

can best be studied through Homers descriptions of it

was far more advanced and powerful than many other Greek civilizations

did not last long because of the raids made upon it by other communities

24. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans _____.

seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry

were noted for their warlike character

attacked Troy, which Homer refers to as Ilium

surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests

were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons

25. As stated in the passage, archaeological discoveries _____.

are the primary source of information on the Mycenaean civilization

have provided us with plenty of evidence about the Mycenaean arts

have thrown much light on the structure of the Linear B language

show that Troy was an extremely prosperous city

clearly indicate that the Mycenaeans were the founders of various Greek cities