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Paragraf Soruları 18

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In 1764, there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in America. The British government continued to think of the colonists as British subjects. In 1700, there had been only 200.000 colonists, but by 1770 this number rose to 2.5 million. Obviously, such large numbers needed to be dealt with carefully. Some American colonists decided that it was not lawful for the British government to tax them without their agreement. Political opinion in Britain was divided. Some felt that the tax was fair because the money would be used to pay for the defence of the American colonies against French attack. But several important politicians agreed with the colonists that there should be no taxation without representation. Hence, in 1773, at the port of Boston, a group of colonists threw a shipload of tea into the sea rather than pay tax on it. The event became known as the Boston Tea Party. The British government responded by closing the port. But the colonists then decided to prevent British goods from entering America until the port was opened again. The colonists action was regarded as a rebellion, and the British government decided to defeat it by force. Thus, the American War of Independence got underway. The war lasted from 1775 until 1783. The British government had no respect for the colonists fighting ability. The result was a disastrous defeat for the British forces. At the end of the war, Britain lost all the American colonies except Canada. It is clear from the passage that, since the American colonists were not represented in the British Parliament, _____.

some politicians argued that Boston should be exempted from all kinds of taxation

they refused to pay the tax required of them by the British government

it was much easier for them to start a war of independence against Britain

they did not have a standing army and, therefore, were unable to defeat the British forces

they were not subject to the laws of Britain and felt free to take action against Britain

2. It is pointed out in the passage that not every politician in Britain _____.

supported the British governments decision to tax the American colonists against their will

believed that the French would dare to invade the American colonies

agreed that the Boston Tea Party jeopardized trade with the colonies

was convinced that the British forces in America were strong enough to defeat the colonists

was of the opinion that the American colonists would ever dream of independence

3. It is stated in the passage that, within a period of almost three quarters of a century, _____.

Britain and France got into a fierce competition in order to colonize a very large part of America

Britain lost the war against the American colonies and had to grant their independence

Canada grew demographically well ahead of the other American colonies

Britains trade with the American colonies reached a level well above all expectations

the population of the American colonies increased to more than ten times the original number

4. One understands from the passage that, because of the tax crisis, _____.

the American colonists imposed sanctions on British goods

the port of Boston was closed for over half a century

Britain took urgent precautions in order to increase its military capacity in America

the import of tea into the American colonies came under the British monopoly

France expressed its willingness to aid the American colonies against Britain

5. It is stressed in the passage that, for the British government, _____.

the port of Boston was of vital political importance for relations with the American colonies

the political representation of the American colonies was fully dependent on their payment of taxes

Frances political aims in America had to be countered by the colonies themselves

the people living in the American colonies were always considered to be British subjects

a defence agreement with the American colonies had to be reached urgently against France

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Mississippi is one of the worlds great continental rivers, like the Amazon in South America, the Congo in Africa, or the Volga in Europe. Its waters are gathered from two-thirds of the US and, together with the Missouri, which is its chief western branch, the Mississippi flows some 6.400 kilometres from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the worlds longest waterways. The Mississippi has been called the father of waters. Through all its lower course, it wanders along, appearing lazy and harmless. But people who know the river are not deceived by its benign appearance, for they have had many bitter struggles with its floods. They have had to learn that nothing is to be gained by fighting against the rages of the mighty stream. To control it, Americans have had to accept some of the rivers own terms and to undertake the patient work of conserving and rebuilding soil, grasslands and forests, far back where the waters begin to gather. It is clear from the passage that the sources of the Mississippis waters _____.

are so limited that the river seldom causes flooding along its banks

are not as many as those of other continental rivers in the world

need to be conserved to protect the river from environmental pollution

are spread over a great part of the US

cannot be ascertained, since the Rocky Mountains have not been explored fully

7. It is pointed out in the passage that, although in its lower course the Mississippi looks quiet and harmless, _____.

most people believe that it may one day overflow its banks

the people living along it are not aware of this

actually it has caused much devastation

people have always been indifferent to the threats it poses

in its upper course it is extremely violent and destructive

8. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that the Mississippis waters can best be controlled _____.

if environmental measures are taken around its northern sources

so long as its northern sources are definitely identified

provided that Americans know how to struggle with them

only if the people living along its course are evacuated

in the same way that the worlds other big rivers have been controlled

9. One understands from the passage that the Mississippi _____.

has far more branches for the gathering of its waters than the Congo in Africa and the Volga in Europe

differs from the Amazon in South America and the other continental rivers in the world largely because its waters are much shallower

is far more navigable than the other continental rivers in the world and, therefore, becomes a commercially profitable waterway in the US

flows so fast throughout its course that, despite the long distance, it does not take long for its waters to get to the Gulf of Mexico

cuts across the US from the Rocky Mountains in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south

10. It is suggested in the passage that the American people _____.

have in the end learned how to get along with the Mississippi

always boast of having the worlds longest river in their country

have a very strong sense of the environment and, therefore, conserve their forests

think that, without the Missouri, the Mississippi would have been just a mere stream

regard the Mississippi as the father of waters because it is fully navigable

11. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Copernican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we still await its grand finale: the anticipated discovery of life elsewhere. Where else might we find life? The vast scale of the universe makes it virtually certain that there are other Earthlike settings. In our own solar system, Marss distance from the Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so, especially with increasing evidence for occasional liquid water, many are looking there for the first signs of extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a new contender has emerged, and surprisingly it is from the cold outer solar system: it is Jupiters moon Europa. As one of the four satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is now believed to have water in a liquid state, even though it is so far from the Sun. Thus, the possibility of liquid water on Europa has opened the door to speculation about life on this satellite of Jupiter. One clearly understands from the passage that, until Copernicus in the sixteenth century, _____.

Mars had generally been regarded as the planet with life on it

the search for life elsewhere in the solar system had been futile

it had been commonly believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth

there had been many attempts to understand the outer solar system

the planets in the solar system had all been discovered and studied

12. According to the passage, the discovery of Earthlike settings in other parts of the universe _____.

is definitely out of question, since the universe is extremely vast

would no longer make the Earth seem like the only planet with life on it

seems possible, but it would be very costly and dangerous to attempt it

has been an obsession for scientists ever since the time of Copernicus

was what Galileo was primarily interested in in the early seventeenth century

13. It is pointed out in the passage that, in recent years, _____.

some scientists have come to regard Copernicuss contribution to astronomy as negligible

scientists have come to understand the reasons for Galileos discovery of Europa

astronomers have focused on an in-depth study of the outer solar system

there has been much controversy about the geological features of Mars

it has been suggested that Jupiters moon Europa may have liquid water on it

14. It is stated in the passage that currently Mars _____.

has been established as the only planet with a vast amount of water under its surface

is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth

has been partially studied, and so it still maintains its mystery as a planet

has been the main focus of the scientific search for extraterrestrial life

and Europa provide a great deal of evidence for a better understanding of the solar system

15. According to the passage, it is hoped that _____.

the amount of liquid water on Mars will be sufficient for life on the planet

in the future only Europa will become mans new home in the universe

one day Earth-like life will be discovered outside our own planet

living beings will be found on one of Jupiters satellites

the search for extraterrestrial life in the universe will never be disrupted

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. A key feature of globalization has been the transformation of the world economy, highlighted by the rapid integration of markets since 1970. In a series of historic changes, the international agreements that had regulated the movement of people, goods, and money since World War II were overturned. To begin with, the postwar economic arrangements sealed by various treaties steadily eroded in the late 1960s, as Western industrial nations faced a double burden of inflation and economic stagnation. A crucial shift in monetary policy occurred in 1971, when the United States abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed the dollar to range freely. As a result, formal regulations on currencies, international banking, and lending among states faded away. They were replaced with an informal network of arrangements managed autonomously by large private lenders, their political friends in leading Western states, and independent financial agencies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The economists and administrators who dominated these new networks steered away from the interventionist policies that had shaped postwar planning and recovery. Instead, they relied on a broad range of market-driven models termed neoliberalism. It is indicated in the passage that the economic performance in the postwar period _____.

totally eliminated the economic stagnation experienced by Western industrial nations

primarily depended on policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund

was mainly based on policies that allowed state intervention

was so good that leading industrial states remained indifferent to neoliberalism

had a positive impact on the development of international banking

17. As clearly stressed in the passage, the world economy _____.

underwent a process of radical change after 1970, with markets quickly intergrating

has never recovered from the adverse effects of inflation since World War II

is now fully managed only by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

was affected by globalization for only a relatively short period after 1970

is constantly manipulated by the United States and other leading Western countries

18. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the United States decision in 1971 to give up the postwar gold standard _____.

greatly undermined the process of globalization in the following decades and has since led the world economy into a serious crisis

has been the primary cause of the chronic inflation and economic stagnation faced by the rest of the world

was essentially inspired by new economic models based on free-market policies and neoliberal practices

was extremely important, since it overturned international currency and banking regulations

was the natural outcome of the wide range of economic arrangements made in the postwar period in the West

19. As can be understood from the passage, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank _____.

have always been regarded with suspicion by industrialized Western nations

develop policies that give priority to state intervention in the management of the economy

have always introduced new formal regulations for currencies and international banking

recruit only those economists who strongly support interventionist economic policies

are financial bodies that are free from any intervention by an outside authority

20. It is suggested in the passage that neoliberalism _____.

signifies the economic policies that have been practised by the West since World War II

is a term that refers to widely different models of the market economy

has always been disregarded by World Bank economists and administrators

is primarily concerned with the free movement of people and goods in the world

has been more dominant in the United States than in any of the other industrial nations

21. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to seize its southern oil fields. Iran counterattacked. The result was a murderous eightyear conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of young Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war ended with Irans defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term, their long defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism. Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately have come from within, from a new generation of young students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not changed much since the days of the shah. According to the passage, the Iranian regime _____.

has always been aware of the need to grant to the people their democratic rights

was adversely affected by the war with Iraq and lost much of its power

has introduced radical economic policies to increase its oil revenues

has failed to gain the unanimous support of the people in the country

wholly relies on young radicals in the country, who are inspired by nationalism

22. It is clear from the passage that Iraqs invasion of Iran _____.

led to a war, which, in the end, settled the issue of the southern oil fields

was sheer aggression, motivated by an economic purpose

significantly weakened the authority of the Iranian mullahs

was strongly opposed by the Soviet government of the time

provoked Iranian students and workers into antiregime demonstrations

23. As can be seen from the passage, the war between Iran and Iraq _____.

lasted under a decade and caused a great deal of bloodshed

was actually a war of attrition, with no victory for either side

greatly undermined the prosperity of the Iranian people

made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use all its oil revenues for weapons

was fought on both sides with weapons provided by the Soviets

24. It is stressed in the passage that, with the money earned from oil exports, Iran _____.

financed a series of projects to strengthen nationalism among young radicals

made huge investments to upgrade the capacity of its southern oil fields

re-armed its army and, thus, was able to resist the Iraqi invasion

carried out economic reforms to improve the living standards of its people

sponsored radical political movements in other countries

25. According to the passage, some segments of Iranian society have ultimately become aware of the fact that _____.

the Iran-Iraq war resulted from the Iranian regimes failure to cooperate with Iraq

the Iranian government is wasting the countrys oil revenues on unfeasible projects

the new Iranian regime has not met their economic and political expectations

the future of the regime in the country fundamentally depends on young radicals

the power of the mullahs in the country is not so strong as has generally been assumed