Paragraf Soruları 17

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The causes of World War II were rooted in the peace settlement at Versailles in 1919-1920. The peace had created as many problems as it had solved. The senior Allied heads of state yielded to demands that involved annexing German territory and creating new states out of the eastern European empires. In doing so, the peacemakers created fresh bitterness and conflict. The Versailles treaty and its champions, such as US President Woodrow Wilson, proclaimed the principle of self-determination for the peoples of eastern and southern Europe. Yet the new states created by the treaty crossed ethnic boundaries, involved political compromises, and frustrated many of the expectations they had raised. The unsteady new boundaries would be redrawn by force in the 1930s. The Allied powers also kept up the naval blockade against Germany after the end of World War I. This forced the new German government to accept harsh terms that deprived Germany of its political power in Europe. The blockade and its consequences created grievances that made the German people feel angry and completely humiliated. It is argued in the passage that the Versailles treaty, signed after World War I, _____.

2. As pointed out in the passage, the new states in eastern Europe, created in accordance with the Versailles treaty, _____.

3. According to the passage, in the face of the Allied naval blockade, _____.

4. It is clear from the passage that, contrary to Allied expectations, _____.

5. Clearly, the passage _____.

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The French Revolution transformed the political and diplomatic landscape of Europe suddenly and dramatically. The transformation of industry came more gradually. By the 1830s or 1840s, however, writers and social thinkers in Europe were increasingly aware of unexpected and extraordinary changes in their economic world. They began to speak of an “industrial revolution,” one that seemed to parallel the revolution in politics. The term has stayed with us. The Industrial Revolution spanned the hundred years after 1780. It represented the first breakthrough from an agricultural and overwhelmingly rural economy to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, more capital-intensive enterprises, and urbanization. It involved new sources of energy and power, faster transportation, mechanization, higher productivity, and new ways of organizing human labour. It triggered social changes with revolutionary consequences for the West and its relationship with the world. Of all these changes, perhaps the most important one was to be seen in energy. Over the space of two or three generations, a society and an economy that had traditionally drawn on water, wind, and wood for most of its energy needs came to depend on steam engines and coal. In other words, the Industrial Revolution brought the beginnings of “the fossil fuel age.” As one understands from the passage, the term “the Industrial Revolution” _____.

7. It is clear from the passage that coal-fired steam power _____.

8. As pointed out in the passage, compared with the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution _____.

9. One learns from the passage that, with the Industrial Revolution, _____.

10. As can be seen clearly, the passage _____.

11. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Renaissance originated in Italy for several reasons. The most fundamental reason was that Italy in the later Middle Ages was the most advanced urban society in all of Europe. Unlike aristocrats North of the Alps, Italian aristocrats customarily lived in urban centres rather than in rural castles and consequently became fully involved in urban public affairs. Moreover, since the Italian aristocracy built its palaces in the cities, the aristocratic class was less sharply set off from the class of rich merchants than in other European countries. Hence, whereas in France or Germany most aristocrats lived on the income from their lands while rich town dwellers, called bourgeois in French, gained their living from trade, in Italy so many town-dwelling aristocrats engaged in banking or mercantile enterprises, and so many rich mercantile families imitated the manners of the aristocracy that, by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the aristocracy and upper bourgeoisie were becoming virtually indistinguishable. For instance, the noted Florentine family of the Medici, which had emerged as a family of physicians (as the name suggests), made its fortune in banking and commerce, and rose into the aristocracy in the fifteenth century. Obviously, social mobility as such brought about a great demand for education in the skills of reading and counting necessary to become a successful merchant, but the richest and most prominent families sought above all to find teachers who would impart to their sons the knowledge and skills necessary in politics and public life. It is suggested in the passage that, in the period before the Renaissance, _____.

12. According to the passage, unlike their French or German counterparts,_____.

13. It is pointed out in the passage that wealthy medieval Italian merchant families _____.

14. According to the passage, it was in Italy that ----.

15. It is clear from the passage that banking trade _____.

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The 16th century in England is generally known as the Tudor period, which historically lasted from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I. In fact, the early years of the Tudor period were marked by significant changes in trade and in the arts of war. Henry VII made commercial treaties with European countries. Economically, England, which had always been a sheep-raising country, was by now manufacturing and exporting significant amounts of cloth. As lands were enclosed to permit grazing on a larger scale, people were driven off the land to the cities, and London grew into a metropolitan market with sophisticated commercial institutions. These changes had an impact on the traditional feudal social order, which also began to decline; also, due to the introduction of cannons and firearms, the feudal system of warfare became obsolete. Yet, it would be a mistake to imagine these changes as sudden and dramatic. In fact, it was a slow and long process whereby England was transformed into a modern state. According to the passage, it was during the Tudor period that _____.

17. It is pointed out in the passage that the changes that took place in Tudor England _____.

18. One understands from the passage that the Tudor dynasty in England _____.

19. It is clear from the passage that, due to developments in cloth-making in Tudor England, _____.

20. On the basis of the passage, one can state that, during the Tudor period, England _____.

21. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In the last third of the 19th century, new technologies transformed the face of manufacturing in Europe, leading to new levels of economic growth and complex realignments among industry, labour and national governments. Like Europe’s first industrial revolution, which began in the late 18th century and centred on coal, steam and iron, this “second” industrial revolution relied on innovation in three key areas: steel, electricity, and chemicals. For instance, steel, which was harder, stronger and more malleable than iron, had long been used as a construction material. But until the mid-nineteenth century, producing steel cheaply and in large quantities was impossible. That changed between the 1850s and 1870s, as new and different processes for refining and mass-producing alloy steel revolutionized the metallurgical industry. Although iron did not disappear overnight, it was soon eclipsed by soaring steel production. So, steel began to be used for various purposes. In Britain, for example, shipbuilders made a quick and profitable switch to steel construction, and thus kept their lead in the industry. Germany and the US, however, dominated the rest of the steel industry. By 1901, Germany was producing almost half as much steel as Britain and was able to build a massive national and industrial infrastructure. It is stated in the passage that, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, _____.

22. According to the passage, the first industrial revolution _____.

23. One understands from the passage that, before the mid-nineteenth century, _____.

24. According to the passage, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the metallurgical industry underwent a radical transformation _____.

25. It is suggested in the passage that, in the nineteenth century, innovative developments in the areas of steel, electricity, and chemicals _____.