1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Set in 1941 in Leningrad, Helen Dunmore’s novel The Siege opens with deceptively gentle scenes of Chekhovian melancholy. After the death of her mother, 23-year-old Anna Levin, the protagonist, gives up her artistic studies to look after her 5-year-old brother and her politically suspect father Abraham, who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour with Stalin’s cultural police. So she jumps at the chance to make a drawing of the retired actress Marina Petrovna, with whom Anna’s father might once have had a romantic relationship. But Anna’s worries about art and romance are soon swept away as the Germans besiege her native city. At this point, Dunmore’s novel transforms abruptly as well, shifting from a romantic narrative into a study of survival under most extreme hardships. Anna’s abundant artistic creativity is put to use providing food and fuel for her helpless family, and her drawing skills are called on to sketch a neighbour’s starved baby so that the grieving mother might remember her lost child. Indeed, the novel presents a striking contrast between the gentle display of human emotions and the rude dictates of survival under the most inhuman circumstances. According to the passage, Helen Dunmore’s novel The Siege is mainly the story of _____.

2. It is emphasized in the passage that the novel _____.

3. It is clear from the passage that Anna’s study of art _____.

4. It is pointed out in the passage that, when the German siege of Leningrad began, _____.

5. In the passage, the writer draws attention to the fact that, in Leningrad under siege, Anna _____.

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Following World War II, European countries largely gave up their colonial possessions and, by the 1950s and 1960s, had already begun to receive growing numbers of immigrants from their former colonies. In many instances, these included the descendants of the slaves in the colonies, who had been forced to work. In this respect, Britain is a case in point. Though in small numbers, Africans and Indians had come to Britain long before the tens of thousands who came as colonial immigrants in the 1960s and thereafter. The first Africans who came to Britain were probably soldiers during the Roman possession of that country in antiquity. In modern times, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, African and Indian princes and scholars visited Britain. Others coming to Britain were in service positions; for instance, in the eighteenth century, black African and Indian young men were fashionable as servants in the homes of the wealthy. Africans and Indians also came to Britain as sailors and traders, and port towns, such as London, Glasgow, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool, developed small black populations in the early nineteenth century, some of which persisted into the twentieth century. Relations between these populations and the native white population were varied, historians citing instances both of hostility and solidarity. It is pointed out in the passage that the black communities living in some British port towns in the early years of the nineteenth century _____.

7. As one finds out from the passage, it would be wrong to maintain that _____.

8. It is stressed in the passage that Britain _____.

9. As stated in the passage, many of the immigrants that arrived in Europe after World War II _____.

10. It is pointed out in the passage that, in the past, _____.

11. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. A couple of months ago NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans to the moon. In doing so, NASA wanted prioritized research objectives for the robotic orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to later explorations by astronauts of the lunar surface. Recommendations made by scientists varied greatly, but they can be summarized. The top priority that scientists have recommended is the development of programmes for lunar data analysis. Next is the exploration of the moon’s south pole, which is called “the Aitken basin,” an impact scar mostly on the moon’s back side. Then comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns, scientifically selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits. From the research recommendations summarized in the passage, it becomes clear that _____.

12. One understands from the passage that NASA _____.

13. As is clear from the passage, NASA’s purpose in consulting scientists is to _____.

14. According to the passage, one of the recommendations made by the scientific community concerns _____.

15. It is clearly stated in the passage that astronauts _____.

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man’s name except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted if his name were uttered without first taking special precautions. This belief about words is widespread. Among the more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably matter-of fact practical application of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan prayer-wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered once does some good, then the same prayer uttered many times will do more good. Therefore, since he assumes that the efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes it round the rim of a wheel, and then frugally employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it all day long, instead of wastefully employing his own lungs and lips to say it again and again. In this passage, the author points out that _____.

17. As we understand from the passage, an underlying belief behind the Tibetan prayer-wheel is that _____.

18. The author uses the example of the Tibetan prayer-wheel to _____.

19. It is clear from the passage that, among primitive societies, it is generally believed that a man’s name ----.

20. We can conclude from the passage that the Tibetan peasant _____.

21. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was determined to “give laughter and light” to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. Without losing hope, Edison attempted over 1,000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, “For nothing! Every time I make an experiment, I get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success.” Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he’d meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise. People realized that Edison’s invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison provided people with light and laughter. As we understand from the passage, Edison conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, _____.

22. It is clear from the passage that, once Edison had invented the electric lamp, _____.

23. As we understand from the passage, with the phrase, “Failures are stepping stones to success”, Edison meant that _____.

24. According to the passage, when Edison was working on an invention, he _____.

25. It is clear from the passage that, when Edison was working on the electric lamp, ----.