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Paragraf Soruları 14

1. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. No human dream is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth, a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. By definition, such magical lands cant be near at hand; they must be remote and inaccessible-destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey. Ancient Tibetan Buddhist texts spoke of just such a kingdom, where wise kings, blessed with long life spans, await the day when they will take power over the world, ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. This mythical kingdom was called Shambala, and its location was believed to be a valley in northern India. Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a mandala, which is Buddhisms circular symbol of the unity of all creation. Known only to a few European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19th century, the myth of Shambala was popularized in the 20th century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley. It is clear from the passage that the myth of Shambala _____.

was originally introduced by those Europeans in the 19th century who were interested in Buddhism and carried out extensive studies in India

began to be so popular in Europe in the 19th century that, with Madame Blavatsky, it turned into a mystical kind of religion

had obviously been very popular throughout Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries before it was discoveredby the Europeans

had originally been an Indian myth and was later adopted by Tibetan Buddhists into their own culture

came to be known widely in Europe only in the last century, thanks to Madame Blavatsky

2. The author claims that a great many people _____.

yearn for a distant land of absolute health, happiness and goodness

imagine India as a land of plenty, where people lead a most prosperous and peaceful life

go on long pilgrimages to very remote places such as Tibet, where the most popular religion is Buddhism

have a mystical view of life which enables them to cope with the ravages of time and disease

have a strong desire to make a pilgrimage to the mythical valley of Shambala in order to recover from their sorrows and sufferings

3. According to the passage, ancient Tibetan Buddhists _____.

preferred to live in places which were very remote and not easily accessible for common people

had a very strong longing for a world in which Buddhist values and ideas were shared by all human beings

were most gifted writers who idealized life on earth and, in their writings, encouraged people to strive for peace and justice

often made long pilgrimages and journeys to the valley of Shambala in India in order to have a mystical experience

believed that a time would come when, under the rule of wise kings, peace and justice would prevail inthe world

4. As one understands from the passage, the Russian mystic Madame Blavatsky _____.

was clearly one of the few Europeans in the 19th century who were seriously concerned with studies related to Asia

developed her telepathic skill through her study of Buddhism and also by making innumerable journeys to the valley of Shambala

constantly dreamed of a paradise on earth and made great efforts to make peace and justice dominant in the world

helped to spread interest in the mythical kingdom of Shambala

believed that a study of Tibetan Buddhist texts was indispensable for the acquisition and exercise oftelepathic skills

5. One learns from the passage that, for Buddhism, _____.

the wise kings of the valley of Shambala value peace and justice more than any other thing

man can never enjoy absolute peace and justice in the world owing to his wickedness

the valley of Shambala is a sacred place for pilgrimage and worship

a paradise on earth can only be established in the distant future

everything created in the universe was part of one whole, which was represented by the symbol of mandala

6. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The late Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai, upon being asked whether the French Revolution had been a good thing in world history, was reported to have said: It is still too early to tell. Watching the Western media analyze the recent emergence of China as a major investor in Africa and likely to become a new factor to rival the historical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics, one is even more justified in saying that it is too soon to tell what the outcome of the Chinese love affair in Africa will be. Besides China, India is also increasingly mentioned as a new source of large-scale investments in Africa. For the moment, the emergence of the Asian superpowers, themselves once in the sphere of British imperialism, as investors and trading partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity of shaking the marginalisation into which most African countries have fallen since the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989. It is clear from the passage that, with the growing economic involvement of China and India in Africa,_____.

the British economic and political interests in the region can only be maintained through more investments by Britain

the Western superpowers have apparently lost their political influence in the region

this continent has clearly been gaining in importance

the Euro-American collaboration in the region will inevitably come to an end

regional governments have begun to introduce radical measures for the improvement of the economy

7. According to the passage, it is China, more than India, that _____.

has historically resisted British imperialism in order to safeguard its own interests in Africa

is in the fore front in Africa as a leading investor and trading partner

was extremely pleased with the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989

has attached much importance to the views of the Western media

has been most influenced in its ideology by the French Revolution

8. The author points out that, historically, Africa _____.

has always been on good terms with China, especially since the time of Chou-En Lai

has always played a central role in world politics and economic rivalry

was completely colonized by Britain but, later, came under the Soviet political influence

has always been subject to the European and American political hegemony

has suffered a great deal from British economic exploitation and political hegemony

9. One understands from the passage that the author _____.

is not yet sure of the possible consequences of Chinas economic and political ascendancy in Africa

is much impressed by the widespread political improvement in Africa that has been ushered in by China

displays a hostile attitude towards the Euro-American ascendancy in Africa today

is particularly interested in Chou-En Lais ideas and policies with regard to Africa

is very biased in his assessment of the Chinese and Indian policies concerning the future of Africa

10. It is indicated in the passage that, although China and India have become economically and politically most powerful in Asia, _____.

they have failed to make an impact on African politics

their influence throughout the world is confined to Africa

they were themselves, in fact, colonized and exploited by Britain in the past

they have still to upgrade themselves in order to be able to contribute to the improvement of life in most African countries

their rivalry in Africa has undermined their struggle against the Euro-American alliance

11. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Editors have two primary functions which sometimes overlap: finding/selecting manuscripts, then polishing them for publication. Acquisitions editors perform the first chore. The approach they adopt depends on several factors. The idea for a college text, for example, usually originates inside the publishing house; the acquisition editors job is then to choose a suitable author to produce the manuscript. In a trade book division, on the other hand, the acquisitions editor may be more passive, carefully reading manuscripts and queries that are mailed in, then recommending the best of these for development as a book. In the former case, the acquisitions editor may be knowledgeable in a given area (economics, perhaps, or one of the sciences) while the second type might be more of a generalist. Copyeditors, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press, must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a remarkable attention to detail. According to the passage, editors have two primary functions _____.

one of which is to write publicity announcements about the books which will be published

the most crucial of them to prepare manuscripts for publication

which occasionally merge into each other

both of which are related to the selection of books to be published

which few publishers can fulfil

12. We learn from the passage that a college text _____.

usually has its starting point in a lecturers notes

is always assigned to an author by copyeditors

can only be edited by the original author

is harder to edit than a trade book

often has its origin in an editors office

13. It is clear from the passage that, the queries and manuscripts sent to an editors office _____.

are meticulously examined with a view to making books

are rarely of any interest to the editorial staff

will almost always result in a publication

seldom receive the attention they deserve

are of vital importance in the search for a suitable writer for a given text

14. We understand from the passage that an acquisitions editor, working on college texts, will probably _____.

have far better skills and qualifications than copyeditors

have started his career in one of the branches of the media

have taken courses in marketing and advertising

aim to go on to promote sales

have a specialized knowledge of one or more fields

15. It is obvious from the passage that the work of a copyeditor _____.

is one of the easier ones in the publishing business

hardly differs from that of the acquisitions editor

has been constantly underrated

requires an excellent grasp of the English language and the ability to give precise expression

combines specialized knowledge with communication skills and the ability to summarize essential points

16. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, may be the most forgotten crisis in the annals of the Cold War. Even most Berliners who lived through the event remember little about it. Yet this crisis over Berlin brought America and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers of the post-World War II period, close to war. In fact, since the very end of World War II, Berlin had been the centrepiece of a struggle between these two superpowers. It was here that World War II ended in 1945 when, following the occupation and defeat of Nazi Germany by the allied armies of the United States, Britain, and France from the west, and the Soviet Union from the east, the city had been captured and divided into the separate zones of East and West Berlin. Soon afterwards Germany had itself split into East and West, and the border between the two had become the dividing line (the so-called iron curtain) between Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe and free, capitalist Western Europe. Thus, situated behind this iron curtain and stuck a hundred miles inside Eastern territory, West Berlin was claimed, protected and supplied by the Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, cutting West Berlin off from its Western suppliers. The United States responded with an airlift, keeping the zone alive for more than 300 days before Allied access was restored. As one learns from the passage, West Berlin _____.

received so much American aid during the Cold War that its people enjoyed a comfortable life

was recognized by the Soviet Union during the Cold War as a separate American territory

was, during the Cold War, far more prosperous and secure than East Berlin

made an alliance during the Cold War with the United States against a possible Soviet invasion

was able to survive the Soviet blockade in 1948 through relief provided by the United States

17. It is clear from the passage that the fall of Berlin in 1945 to the Allies and the Soviet Union _____.

resulted from the establishment of the so-called iron curtain between East and West Germany

was one of a series of political crises, the most serious of which was the one in 1961

followed the division of Germany into East and West

clearly represented the final defeat and collapse of Nazi Germany

completely undermined Nazi Germanys political and military ambitions to conquer Europe

18. In the passage, the writer points out that, paradoxically, _____.

even if America did not want the Soviet Union to capture Berlin completely, it acted fast and moved into West Berlin

since the Allies and the Soviet Union fought in World War II against Nazi Germany, in fact they cooperated in many respects, including the capture of Berlin

although the 1961 Berlin crisis almost led to a military confrontation between America and the Soviet Union, for most residents of Berlin today it has lost its significance

despite their alliance during World War II, the United States, Britain and France each had conflicting policies towards Nazi Germany

while Berliners experienced many hardships under the Soviet occupation of their city, they did not show any resistance

19. The point is made in the passage that, during the early decades of the Cold War, _____.

the United States and its allies were totally indifferent to the political implications of the so-called iron-curtain

the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in political conflict over Berlin

the Soviet Union followed a policy of peace and friendship towards the United States and its allies

Berliners regarded the Allied and Soviet occupation of their city as a relief from the Nazi regime

the United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the question of how Germany was to be divided

20. As it is clear from the passage, in the aftermath of World War II, ----.

Europe was no longer an undivided continent, with Eastern Europe falling under Soviet rule

the American presence throughout Europe rapidly increased and was strengthened to keep the Soviets under control

the Eastern European countries willingly joined the Soviet Union and began to enjoy great economic prosperity

the security of Berlin became so urgent that the western powers took a number of measures to protect it against an invasion

while the Allied armies left Germany, the Soviet army remained in the country, continuing its occupation

21. Aşağıdaki soruları parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Narva is a quiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in sea breezes. Though small, with a population of just over 72,000, it occupies a large place in Russian history. It was here in 1700 that, by attacking the Swedes, who were then in control of much of the Baltic coast, Russia launched its final campaign in a centuries-long quest to become a European power. The battle ended in defeat for the Russians, but the war did not; by 1721 Russia had conquered theBaltic territories as far southwest as Riga, the capital of present-day Latvia, and had built a new capital, Saint Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland. Later in that century, Russia, through a partition agreement with Austria and Prussia, gained control of the rest of the Baltics, and would retain them until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. According to the passage, the Russian conquest of the Baltics _____.

forced both Austria and Prussia to give up their centuries-old claims on the Baltic territories and sign a treaty

was finalized in the eighteenth century partly through war and partly through a multi-lateral treaty

included only the region between Narva in northeastern Estonia and Saint Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland

was several times resisted by the Swedes, whom the Russians were unable to defeat and drive out of the region

involved a very long war with the Swedes on the one hand, and with Austria and Prussia on the other

22. As can be understood from the passage, the writer _____.

points out that Narva is an attractive and well-known centre for tourism in Estonia

describes the hardships which the Baltic countries endured under the Russians in the eighteenth century

stresses how the Russian expansion in the Baltics in the 1720s was prevented by Austria and Prussia

draws a contrast between the present-day romantic appearance of Narva and its historic significance

compares Riga with Narva and concludes that the Latvian capital is historically more important

23. As one learns from the passage, it was before 1721 that _____.

the Russians re-captured Riga from the Swedes and made it the capital of Latvia

Russia reached an agreement with Austria and Prussia for the partition of the whole Baltic region

Russia became a major European power which completely dominated the Baltics

the Swedes and the Russians agreed on their respective control of the Baltic territories

the city of Saint Petersburg was founded by the Russians on the Gulf of Finland

24. It is pointed out in the passage that _____.

Russian possession of the Baltic territories lasted until the late twentieth century

Prussian control of the Baltic territories lasted throughout the eighteenth century and after

no European power in the eighteenth century was concerned about the Russian invasion of the Baltics

the Swedes and the Russians were constantly at war with each other for the possession of the Baltics

the Russian conquest of the Baltic territories has always been a controversial issue in Russian history

25. It is clear from the passage that Russias invasion of the Baltics in the early eighteenth century _____.

put at risk the centuries-long good relations which she had maintained with other European powers

was a thorough military campaign which lasted for many decades and failed to achieve its aims

signified the final stage of her efforts towards becoming a European power that had gone on for centuries

increased enormously the importance of both Narva and Riga as major military centres in the region

so alarmed other European powers that they immediately made an alliance among themselves